Integumentatry System
Epidermis- the outer layer of skin
Dermis- the lower layer of skin
Keratin- the protective waterproof protein in the epidermis of an animal
c. 1460- c. 370 Hippocrates lived he was a Greek Physician and is known as the father of Western medicine
200- Galen describes the working of the human body, which remains unchallenged until 500
Muscular System
Involuntary Muscle- muscles that act automaticaly like the heart
Voluntary muscle- muscles which can be consciously controlled like the arm
-skeletal muscles are voluntary
-muscles only pull-no pushing
Myofibrils- long, rod shaped cells which make up muscle tissue
1668- 1707 AD- Giiorgio Baglivi (Italian) lived; he was the first to see that skeletal muscles were different form those in the organs.
Lesson Periods 7-10
Skeletal system notes
Cartilage- a tough flexible tisue that cushions joints and makes body parts such as the ears and the trachea
-the four types of bones are long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.
Appendicular skeleton- the part of the skeleton made up of bones in the shoulders, arms, pelvis, and legs.
Axial skeleton- the part of the skeleton made up of the skull, backbone, and rib cage
How are bones important?
-Shape and support the body
-Protect the vital organs
-Anchor the muscles
-Supply calcium
-Makes different types of blood cells
1895- German Physicist Wilhelm Roentgen discovers x-rays
Immune System Notes
Bacteria- a group of microscopic organisms without cell nuclei, many of which cause desease.
DNA- the acid found in cell nuclei that forms the genes and chromosones of all living things
Virus- strands of DNA in a protective coat, they invade living cells and cause disease
The bodies first defense is skin, coughing, tears/saliva, and sotmach acid
Then come macrophages and the immune system
Lymphocyte- a white blood cell that destroys gerrms by releasing antibodies
Immunization- a medical procedure that primes the body's immune system to fight specific infections
Digestive System notes
Villi-tiny finger-like projections on the lining of the small intestine which absorb digested food
1871- Wilhelm Kuhne invents the term "enzyme to describe substances that accelerate chemical reactions
Digestive Enzyme the fluids produced by digestive glands which contain enzymes that break down food into simpler substances
the stomach churns and crushes food in preparation for the asorption
the main job of the large intestine is to absorb water
Ingestion is when food is taken into the mouth, chewed, and swallowed
Digestion is when food is broken down by muscular crushing and enzymes
Absorption is the moving of nutrients into the blood
Egestion is the ejection of waste
1833- William Beaumont publishes the results of his experiments into the mechanism of digestion
Circulatory System notes
Arteries- strong vessels that carrry blood away from the heart to the body
Veins- the vessels carrying blood to the heart
1280- Syrian doctor Ibn an Nafis shows that blood circulates the body
1628 English doctor William Harvey was the first pdrson to show that blood circulates in one direction
Red blood cells- they have hemoglobin to carry oxygen
Whtie blood cells- they help the body fight the cells
Platelets-they are tiny fragments of cells that help to stop bleeding
Plasma- the liquid portion of blood
Hemoglobin- a purple-red chemical in red blood cells that is responsible for carrying oxygen
Respiratory System Notes
Inhalation- Breathing in
Exhalation- breathing out
the alveoli are the place in the lungs where oxygen enters the bloodstream
1640-1679 John Mayow lived; he performed experiments with a candle and an animal to determine that something in air is needed for breathing and burning
1729- 1799 Lazzaro Spallareani lived; he said that respiration is done by every cell in the body.
1770- Antoine Laoisier names the element oxygen
Urinary System notes
Excretion- The removal of waste substances from the body
384-322 BC- Aristotle writes several books one of which describes the urinary system and how it works
2006- A urinary is grown in the lab from a patient's own cells and is successfully transplanted into the patient
The major excretory organs:
Lungs excrete carbon dioxide
Skin excretes water, salts, and other waste materials
Liver breaks down many poisonous substances and excretes them in the form of bile
Kidneys excrete urea, excess water and other waste products
The cortex and the medulla both contain millions of nephrons that filter the blood and produce urine.
The inner renal pelvis stores the urine that has been produced.
Each nephron has a glomerulus, a renal capsule, and a renal tubule
The kidneys process the whole body's blood supply 60 times a day